![]() ![]() In Italy, in the 18th and early 19th centuries, a pawn could be promoted only to a captured piece if none of the promoting player's non-pawn pieces were captured, the pawn remained inactive until a piece became available, whereupon the pawn immediately assumed that piece's role. ![]() One old set of chess rules says, "A promoted pawn became a ferz, with the move of the queen." (See Regional games of the chess family section for more information.)Īfter the queen gained its modern identity and abilities in the 15th century, replacing the farzin or ferz, some players objected to the fact that a king could have more than one queen via promotion. As chaturanga and shatranj spread to the western world and eastern Asia, as well as several other regions of the world, the promotion rule evolved. In shatranj, a pawn can be promoted only to a fers (equivalent to chaturanga's mantri). Ĭhaturanga was introduced to the Middle East as shatranj around the 7th century. Additionally, according to some sources, an immobile pawn on its last rank is promoted as soon as the appropriate piece becomes available. In some instances, the pawn's promotion is based on the file on which it starts instead of the one on which it ends. ĭifferent versions of the latter rule have been recorded. If the piece is unavailable, the pawn remains unpromoted on its square. Others claim that the pawn, if the piece is available for promotion, is promoted to the piece initially positioned on the file on which the pawn stands, except if the pawn stands on the king's file, in which case it is promoted to a mantri. Some sources state that a pawn can be promoted only to a mantri, an early form of the queen only able to move one square diagonally, with the idea being that a foot soldier that advanced all the way through the enemy lines was promoted to the lowest rank of officer. Historians dispute what the pawn can be promoted to. In chaturanga, a pawn is promoted upon reaching the last rank of the board. Promotion first existed in chaturanga, an ancestor of chess created in the 6th century. However, according to FIDE arbiter guidelines, such a move is treated as a legal promotion to a rook (not an illegal move, which would incur a time penalty). Under US Chess Federation rules and in casual play, an upside-down rook may designate a queen. Under FIDE rules, a player may stop the clocks and summon the arbiter to provide a piece for promotion. When multiple sets are available, promoted pieces are borrowed from other sets if required. Some chess sets come with an extra queen of each color, but this does not accommodate the possibility of having three or more pieces of the same type. ![]() Most chess sets come with only the 32 pieces used in the starting position. In theory, a player could have as many as nine queens, ten knights, ten bishops, or ten rooks, though these are highly improbable scenarios. Consequently, a player might have two or more queens, or three or more rooks, bishops, or knights. A piece may be promoted to regardless of whether it has been captured. When a pawn is promoted, it is removed from the board, and the new piece is placed on the square of promotion. ![]()
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